This protocol describes an end-to-end process to prepare and sequence gDNA from human buccal swab samples, and analyse the data using the wf-human-variation workflow in EPI2ME.

The identification of structural variants (SVs) and single nucleotide variants (SNVs) plays a pivotal role in our understanding of genetic diversity, disease mechanisms, and evolutionary biology. This protocol generates ~30x coverage of the genome with a read N50 ~1-6 kb for variant calling analysis.

Important: compared to blood and saliva samples, we see a reduced performance in human variant calling (SNP, INDEL, SV and phaseblocks metrics) with buccal swab samples due to the shorter read lengths obtained with this sample type. For the best sequencing output, we advise using blood or saliva samples where possible.

Briefly, genomic DNA is extracted from a human buccal swab using the Isohelix™ Buccal-Prep Plus DNA Isolation Kit. The extracted DNA is prepared using our Ligation Sequencing Kit V14 (SQK-LSK114) and sequenced on a PromethION device. Detailed instructions for setting up the sequencing run on MinKNOW and downstream analysis are also included for a complete end-to-end protocol.

Your sequencing data is basecalled by MinKNOW, and the BAM output data is aligned and analysed using the wf-human-variation workflow which uses Sniffles2, Clair3 and modkit software to call structural variants (SVs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and for reporting DNA methylation.

Note: We found that ~98% of data from this sample type aligns to human, with the rest constituting the oral microbiome

Steps in the workflow

Prepare for your experiment

You will need to:

• Extract your input sample (human buccal swab)
• Ensure you have your sequencing kit, the correct equipment, and third-party reagents
• Download the software for acquiring and analysing your data
• Check your flow cell to ensure it has enough pores for a good sequencing run

Sample preparation

Using the outlined extraction method, extract the gDNA from your human buccal swab sample.

Check the length, quantity and purity of your extracted material. The quality checks performed during the protocol are essential in ensuring experimental success.

Library preparation and sequencing

The table below is an overview of the steps required in the library preparation, including timings and optional stopping points.

Library preparation	Process	Time	Stop option
DNA repair and end-prep	Repair and prepare the DNA ends for adapter attachment	85 minutes	4°C overnight
Adapter ligation and clean-up	Attach the sequencing adapters to the DNA ends	50 minutes	4°C short-term storage or for repeated use, such as re-loading your flow cell -80°C for single-use, long-term storage. We strongly recommend sequencing your library as soon as it is adapted.
Priming and loading the flow cell	Prime the flow cell and load the prepared library for sequencing	5 minutes

Sequencing and analysis

You will need to:

• Start a sequencing run using the MinKNOW software which will collect raw data from the device and basecall reads.
• Start the EPI2ME software and select the wf-human-variation bioinformatics workflow to analyse your data.
• (Optional) Alternatively, external tools can be used to further analyse and explore your data.

Input requirements per sample for the extraction method:

• Human buccal swab sample, collected with a Isohelix™ DNA/RNA Buccal Swab (SK-1S) and stabilised with a Isohelix™ Dri-Capsule (SGC-50)

Input requirements per sample for the library preparation:

• At least 1.5 µg of extracted buccal swab gDNA

Note: We strongly recommend using at least 1.5 µg of extracted buccal swab gDNA for this method. However, if you are unable to obtain 1.5 µg of gDNA from your sample(s), this method has been successfully performed with as little as 1 µg of gDNA input.
Please note, reducing your sample input into the library preparation can lead to reduced sequencing output.

How to QC your input DNA

It is important that the input DNA meets the quantity and quality requirements. Using too little or too much DNA, or DNA of poor quality (e.g. highly fragmented or containing RNA or chemical contaminants) can affect your library preparation.

For instructions on how to perform quality control of your DNA sample, please read the Input DNA/RNA QC protocol.

Chemical contaminants

Depending on how the DNA is extracted from the raw sample, certain chemical contaminants may remain in the purified DNA, which can affect library preparation efficiency and sequencing quality. Read more about contaminants on the Contaminants page of the Community.

We have validated and recommend the use of all the third-party reagents used in this protocol. Alternatives have not been tested by Oxford Nanopore Technologies.

For all third-party reagents, we recommend following the manufacturer's instructions to prepare the reagents for use.

We highly recommend that you check the number of pores in your flow cell prior to starting a sequencing experiment. This should be done within 12 weeks of purchasing for MinION/GridION/PromethION or within four weeks of purchasing Flongle Flow Cells. Oxford Nanopore Technologies will replace any flow cell with fewer than the number of pores in the table below, when the result is reported within two days of performing the flow cell check, and when the storage recommendations have been followed. To do the flow cell check, please follow the instructions in the Flow Cell Check document.

Flow cell	Minimum number of active pores covered by warranty
Flongle Flow Cell	50
MinION/GridION Flow Cell	800
PromethION Flow Cell	5000

Note: We are in the process of reformatting our kits with single-use tubes into a bottle format.

Single-use tubes format:

Bottle format:

Note: This Product Contains AMPure XP Reagent Manufactured by Beckman Coulter, Inc. and can be stored at -20°C with the kit without detriment to reagent stability.

Note: The DNA Control Sample (DCS) is a 3.6 kb standard amplicon mapping the 3' end of the Lambda genome.

For this method you will require a human buccal swab sample, collected with a Isohelix DNA/RNA Buccal Swab (SK-1S) and stabilised with a Isohelix Dri-Capsule (SGC-50).

The sequencing device control, data acquisition and real-time basecalling are carried out by the MinKNOW software.

We recommend basecalling with the high accuracy (HAC) basecaller in real-time with BAM selected as output type using the P2 Solo or P24/P48 device.

You must generate a BAM file from your sequening run, as this is required for input into the wf-human-variation workflow.

Refer to the links below containing the detailed instructions for setting up the device and sequencing run:

• PromethION 24 and 48: "Starting a sequencing run with PromethION 24 and 48"

• PromethION 2 Solo: "Starting a sequencing run on PromethION 2 Solo"

Below are the recommended sequencing parameters for MinKNOW.

We recommend setting the run time to 72 hours, using the modified bases option for basecalling and ensuring a BAM output is selected. All other sequencing parameters can be kept to their default settings. Below are our current recommendations:

Positions

Flow cell position: [user defined]

Experiment name: [user defined]

Flow cell type: FLO-PRO114M

Sample ID: [user defined]

Kit

Kit selection: Ligation Sequencing Kit (SQK-LSK114)

Run configuration

Sequencing and analysis

Basecalling: On [default]
Modified bases: On with '5mC & 5hmC CG contexts' selected
Model: High-accuracy basecalling (HAC) [default]

Barcoding: Disabled [default]

Alignment: Off [default]
We do not currently recommend live alignment during sequencing, as it can slow down system processing.

Adaptive sampling: Off [default]

Advanced options
Active channel selection: On [default]
Time between pore scans: 1.5 [default]
Reserve pores: On [default]

Data targets

Run limit: 72 hours [default]

Output

Output format
.POD5: On [default]
.FASTQ: On [default]
.BAM: On

Filtering: On [default]
Qscore: 9 [default]
Minimum read length: 200 bp [default]

For the analysis of human buccal swab DNA sequence data, we recommend the wf-human-variation workflow. This end-to-end software pipeline is implemented using the Nextflow workflow language and implements methods for the calling of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), structural variants (SVs), and for reporting DNA methylation information.

The wf-human-variation workflow is best run from the BAM file produced by MinKNOW when the modified base model for basecalling is selected. If sequence read mapping to the reference genome is not performed by MinKNOW, we recommend to perform the basecalling using the wf-basecalling workflow. Ensure you save the outputs in BAM format by providing the --output_bam option.

The tools below are used in the analysis workflow and can be run in isolation or together:

1. Sniffles2 calls SVs and file output include an HTML report of QC metrics and VCF format list of variants and their quality scores.

2. Clair3 calls SNPs and file output includes an HTML report of QC metrics and VCF format list of variants and their quality scores.

3. modkit extracts methylation information from the provided BAM file which is summarised in a BEDmethyl format file.

The wf-human-variation workflow is preconfigured using appropriate parameters and requires tuning only for the choice of reference genome and Clair3 model. Please see the project’s documentation for further details.

The results from the wf-human-variation workflow can be further explored by viewing in a track-based genome browser such as IGV can be assessed for known pathogenicity through tertiary analysis software.

The wf-human-variation workflow is intended to be run using the Nextflow software.

We recommend performing downstream analysis using EPI2ME which facilitates bioinformatic analyses by allowing users to run Nextflow workflows in a Graphical User Interfaces (GUI). EPI2ME maintains a collection of bioinformatic workflows which are curated and actively maintained by experts in long-read sequence analysis. The collection of all our available EPI2ME workflows can be found here.

For new users, the quick start guide can be found here outlining how to use this interface.

The primary workflow outputs include:

• gzipped VCF file containing the SNPs in the dataset from --snp
• gzipped VCF file containing the SVs in the dataset from --sv
• gzipped bedMethyl file aggregating modified base counts from --mod
• HTML report detailing the primary findings of the workflow for QC metrics, and SNP and SV calling
• If an unaligned BAM file was provided, the workflow will ouput a CRAM file containing the alignments used to make the downstream variant calls.

The secondary workflow outputs:

• mosdepth ouputs include:
  • {sample_name}.mosdepth.global.dist.txt: a cumulative distribution indicating the proportion of total bases for each and all reference sequences
    
  • {sample_name}.regions.bed.gz: the mean coverage for each region in the provided BED file
    
  • {sample_name}.thresholds.bed.gz: the number of bases in each region that are covered at or above each threshold value (1, 10, 20, 30X)

• bamstats ouputs include:
  • {sample_name}.readstats.tsv.gz: a gzipped TSV summarising per-alignment statistics produced by bamstats
  • {sample_name}.ftagstat.tsv: a text file with summary alignment statistics for each reference sequence

It is possible to phase SNPs, SVs and modified bases by providing the --phased option.

To improve the accuracy of SV calling, specify a suitable tandem repeat BED for your reference with --tr_bed.

Aggregation of methylation calls with --mod requires data to be basecalled with a model that includes base modifications, providing the MM and ML BAM tags. To do so on MinKNOW, ensure 'Modified bases' option is selected during basecalling set up, with the '5mC' model selected.

Ensure to retain the input reference when basecalling or alignment is performed as CRAM files cannot be read without the corresponding input reference.

For a full list of available basecalling models, refer to the Dorado documentation.

Due to the extended sequencing time, we do not recommend re-using the flow cells used in this method.

Re-using these flow cells for subsequent sequencing experiments may result in insufficient data generation for analysis.

We also have an FAQ section available on the Nanopore Community Support section.

If you have tried our suggested solutions and the issue still persists, please contact Technical Support via email (support@nanoporetech.com) or via LiveChat in the Nanopore Community.

We also have an FAQ section available on the Nanopore Community Support section.

If you have tried our suggested solutions and the issue still persists, please contact Technical Support via email (support@nanoporetech.com) or via LiveChat in the Nanopore Community.