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Heterochiasmy facilitated the establishment of gsdf as a novel sex determining gene in Atlantic halibut


Atlantic Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) has a X/Y genetic sex determination system, but the sex determining factor is not known. We produced a high-quality genome assembly and identified parts of chromosome 13 as the Y chromosome due to sequence divergence between sexes and segregation of sex genotypes in pedigrees.

Linkage analysis revealed that all chromosomes exhibit heterochiasmy, i.e. male- and female restricted meiotic recombination intervals (MRR/FRR). We show that FRR/MRR intervals differ in nucleotide diversity and repeat class content and that this is true also for other Pleuronectidae species.

We further show that remnants of a Gypsy-like transposable element insertion on chr13 promotes early male specific expression of gonadal somatic cell derived factor (gsdf). Less than 4 MYA, this male-determining element evolved on an autosomal FRR segment featuring pre-existing male meiotic recombination barriers, thereby creating a Y chromosome.

We propose that heterochiasmy may be a facilitating factor in the evolution of genetic sex determination.

Authors: R.B. Edvardsen, O. Wallerman, T. Furmanek, L. Kleppe, P Jern, A. Wallberg, E. Kjærner-Semb, S. Mæhle, S. K. Olausson, E. Sundström, T. Harboe, R. Mangor-Jensen, M. Møgster, P. Perrichon, B. Norberg, C-J Rubin

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